Free Ebooks and Texts - Phiosophy
Find here a vast collection on free online EBooks, Electronic and Digital texts (Etexts) in various categories for study and research.
About Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. In more casual speech, by extension, "philosophy" can refer to "the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group".
The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom".The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras.
Philosophy is divided into many sub-fields. These include epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics.
Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, such as the relationships between truth, belief, and theories of justification.
Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. Arguments use either deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is when, given certain statements (called premises), other statements (called conclusions) are unavoidably implied. Rules of inferences from premises include the most popular method, modus ponens, where given “A” and “If A then B”, then “B” must be concluded. A common convention for a deductive argument is the syllogism.
An argument is termed valid if its conclusion does indeed follow from its premises, whether the premises are true or not, while an argument is sound if its conclusion follows from premises that are true. Propositional logic uses premises that are propositions, which are declarations that are either true or false, while predicate logic uses more complex premises called formulae that contain variables. Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship between mind and body, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts, events, processes, and causation. Traditional branches of metaphysics include cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety, and ontology, the study of being.
Within metaphysics itself there are a wide range of differing philosophical theories. Idealism, for example, is the belief that reality is mentally constructed or otherwise immaterial while realism holds that reality, or at least some part of it, exists independently of the mind. Subjective idealism describes objects as no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. The 18th century philosopher George Berkeley contended that existence is fundamentally tied to perception with the phrase Esse est aut percipi aut percipere or "To be is to be perceived or to perceive".
Ethics, or "moral philosophy," is concerned primarily with the question of the best way to live, and secondarily, concerning the question of whether this question can be answered. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics concerns the nature of ethical thought, such as the origins of the words good and bad, and origins of other comparative words of various ethical systems, whether there are absolute ethical truths, and how such truths could be known. Normative ethics are more concerned with the questions of how one ought to act, and what the right course of action is. This is where most ethical theories are generated. Lastly, applied ethics go beyond theory and step into real world ethical practice, such as questions of whether or not abortion is correct. Ethics is also associated with the idea of morality, and the two are often interchangeable. 1*
Ebooks and Texts: Philosophy
The Gift of Fire: HTML at sourcetext.com
Richard Mitchell's Publications Online: Multiple formats in AustraliaAccuracy not guaranteed 100%.
The Philosophy of Religion by Swami Krishnananda
The Philosophy of the Panchadasi by Swami Krishnananda
The Realisation of the Absolute by Swami Krishnananda
An Introduction to the Philosophy of Yoga by Swami Krishnananda
An Introduction to the Philosophy of Yoga by Swami Krishnananda
The Struggle for Perfection by Swami Krishnananda
Resurgent Culture by Swami Krishnananda
The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: The Book of the Spiritual Man by Patanjali, trans. by Charles Johnston
The Light of the Soul, Its Science and Effect: A Paraphrase of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, ed. by Alice Bailey
The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali by Patanjali, trans. by William Quan Judge and James Henderson Connelly
Brahma Sutras by Swami Sivananda
Laws by Plato translated by Benjamin Jowett HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Charmides, or Temperance By Plato HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Cratylus By Plat0HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Crito by Plato HTML at Bartleby, Gutenberg text
Euthydemus by Plato HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Euthyphro By Plato HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Gorgias by Plato HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Laches, or Courage By Plato HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Meno by Plato HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Parmenides by Plat HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Plaedo by Plato HTML at Internet Classics, HTML at Bartleby, Gutenberg text
Phaedrus by Plato HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Philebus by Plato HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
Protagoras by Plato HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text
The Republic (based on the 1892 edition) by Plato, trans. by Benjamin Jowett
The Republic by Plato (based on the 1892 edition; includes translator's full commentary) by Plato, trans. by Benjamin Jowett
Sophist by Plato HTML at Internet Classics, GGutenberg text
Symposiusm by Plato HTML at Internet Classics/a>, Gutenberg text
Theaetetus by Plato , HTML at Internet Classics, GGutenberg text
Timaeus by Plato HTML at Internet Classics, Gutenberg text, Gutenberg text; unofficial until 31 May 2003
On the Soul; by Aristotle, trans. by J. A. Smith
On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death, On Breathing by Aristotle, trans. by G. R. T. Ross
On Generation and Corruption by Aristotle, trans. by H. H. Joachim
Eudemian Ethics by Aristotle (HTML at Perseus)
Nicomachean Ethics By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E HTML at Internet Classics, HTML with chapter headings at nothingistic.org
PDF at McMaster Ethics by Aristotle
Metaphysics by Aristotle, trans. by W. D. Ross
Prior Analytics by Aristotle, trans. by A. J. Jenkinson
Posterior Analytics by Aristotle, trans. by G. R. G. Mure
Rhetoric by Aristotle, trans. by W. Rhys Roberts
The Golden Sayings of Epictetus, with the Hymn of Cleanthes by Epictetus
The Golden Sayings of Epictetus by Epictetus, trans. by Hastings Crossley
The Discourses by Epictetus
Meditations of Marcus Aurelius by Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, trans. by Meric Casaubon, contrib. by W. H. D. Rouse
Meditations HTML at Internet Classics, HTML at Bartleby
Augustine, de dialectica (trans. J. Marchand) : The Book of St. Augustine on Dialectic
Confessions (confessiones): Augustine: Confessions -- complete Latin text with commentary by JO'D. Latin text, English Translation (Pusey), English Translation (Outler) (in pdf format), Confessions in German, Confessions in Russian
City of God (de civitate Dei): Complete text, Christian Doctrine (de doctrina christiana): English Translation of Augustine's On Christian Doctrine from the series Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
Philosophy and Fun of Algebra (London: C. W. Daniel, ca. 1909), by Mary Everest Boole (frame- and JavaScript-dependent page images at Cornell)
Philosophy and Modernization in China, ed. by Liu Fangtong, Huang Songjie, and George F. McLean (HTML at crvp.org)
Philosophy and the Social Problem (New York: Macmillan, 1917), by Will Durant (multiple formats at archive.org)
Philosophy as Absolute Science, by Ephraim L. Frothingham (page images at MOA)
Philosophy from St. Augustine to Ockham, by Ralph M. McInerny (HTML at Notre Dame)
Philosophy in Pakistan, ed. by Naeem Ahmad (HTML at crvp.org)
The Philosophy Of Alfarabi and its Influence On Medieval Thought (1947), by Robert Hammond (HTML at sacred-texts.com)
The philosophy of art: an introduction to the scientific study of aesthetics page images at Google; US access only
The Philosophy of Art: Being the Second Part of Hegel's Aesthetik, in Which are Unfolded Historically the Three Great Fundamental Phases of the Art-Activity of the World (New York: D. Appleton and Co., c1879), by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, trans. by William McKendree Bryant (multiple formats at archive.org)
The Philosophy of Communism (New York: New Century Publishers, 1963), by James E. Jackson (multiple formats at archive.org)
The Philosophy of Creation (attributed to Thomas Paine dictating to a medium), by Horace G. Wood, ed. by H. A. Burbank (page images at MOA)
The Philosophy of Despair, by David Starr Jordan (Gutenberg text)
A Philosophy of Education, by Charlotte M. Mason (HTML at Ambleside Online)
Philosophy of Education Yearbook, by Philosophy of Education Society (U.S.) (partial serial archives)
The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (third edition; Boston: Luce and Co., 1913), by H. L. Mencken (multiple formats at archive.org)
The Philosophy of History, by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, trans. by J. Sibree, contrib. by Charles Hegel (PDF at McMaster)
The Philosophy of History, or, The Scattering of the Holy People: Tea Tephi; David's Daughter; Jeremiah's Ward; The Romance Within the Romance (New Haven: The Our Race Pub. Co, 1891), by Charles Adiel Lewis Totten (page images at HathiTrust)
The Philosophy of Humanism (eighth edition, 1997), by Corliss Lamont (PDF at corliss-lamont.org)
Philosophy of Islam, by M. Husayni Behishti and M. Jawad Bahonar (frame-dependent HTML at al-islam.org)
The Philosophy of Law: An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1887), by Immanuel Kant, trans. by W. Hastie (HTML and PDF files at libertyfund.org)
The Philosophy of Life: A Critical Exposition of the Fundamental Principles in Eastern and Western Philosophy in the Light of the Doctrines of Swami Sivananda, by Swami Krishnananda (HTML at Divine Life Society)
The Philosophy of Natural Magic (Chicago: De Laurence, Scott and Co., 1913), by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, ed. by L. W. De Laurence, contrib. by Henry Morley (HTML with commentary at sacred-texts.com)
Philosophy of Osteopathy (1899), by A. T. Still (HTML at Early American Manual Therapy)
Alexandria and Her Schools by Charles Kingsley
New Platonism and Alchemy by Alexander Wilder
De Dialectica by Saint Augustine, trans. by Jim Marchand
The Theological Tractates (English versions of the Tractates only) by Boethius, trans. by Hugh Fraser Stewart and Edward Kennard Rand
The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius, trans. by W. V. Cooper
The Six Enneads by Plotinus, trans. by Stephen MacKenna and B. S. Page
The Alchemy of Happiness by Ghazzali, trans. by Claud Field
Confessions (modernized, with commentary) by Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, trans. by Claud Field
Historia Calamitatum: The Story of My Misfortunes by Peter Abelard, trans. by Henry Adams Bellows
On Being and Essence by Saint Thomas Aquinas, trans. by Robert T. Miller
St. Thomas Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy by Daniel Joseph Kennedy
Giordano Bruno: The Forgotten Philosopher by John J Kessler
Erasmus of the Low Countries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997) by James D. Tracy
Oration on the Dignity of Man by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
The Spirit of Modern Philosophy (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1892) by Josiah Royce
On Practice by Mao Tse-Tung
On Contradiction by Mao Tse-Tung
The Philosophy of Humanism (eighth edition, 1997) by Corliss Lamont
The Genesis of a Humanist Manifesto by Edwin H. Wilson
Darwinism: Science or Philosophy? Proceedings of a symposium entitled "Darwinism: Scientific Inference or Philosophical Preference?" Held on the Southern Methodist University Campus in Dallas, Texas, USA, March 26-28, 1992, ed. by Jon Buell and Virginia Hearn
Pragmatism: A New Name For Some Old Ways of Thinking by William James
Scholasticism by Joseph Rickaby
Fiske, John . The Unseen World, and Other Essays HTML at Virginia, Gutenberg text
Essays in Radical Empiricism by William James
The Cosmopolitan Self: George Herbert Mead and Continental Philosophy (2001) by Mitchell Aboulafia (HTML at U-Illinois Press)
The New Organon by Francis Bacon
The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon, ed. by Hartmut Krech
Valerius Terminus: On the Interpretation of Nature (annotated version) by Francis Bacon, ed. by Robert Stephens and James Spedding, contrib. by Gisela Engel and Robert Leslie Ellis
Valerius Terminus: On the Interpretation of Nature by Francis Bacon, ed. by Robert Stephens and James Spedding, contrib. by Robert Leslie Ellis
Characters of Virtues and Vices by Joseph Hall
Of the Conduct of the Understanding by John Locke (HTML at Columbia)
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke
Geometry No Friend to Infidelity by James Jurin
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge by George Berkeley
The Analyst: A Discourse Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician by George Berkeley
A Defence of Free-Thinking in Mathematics by George Berkeley
An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (4th edition) by George Berkeley
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding David Hume HTML at Bartleby, text at Wiretap
A Treatise of Human Nature by David Hume
Adam Smith by James Anson Farrer
The English Utilitarians by Leslie Stephen 1900 volume 1: HTML at McMaster, volume 2: HTML at McMaster,
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Jeremy Bentham 1781 Batoche Books Kitchener 2000 PDF at McMaster
The Rationale of Reward by Jeremy Bentham
Harvard Classics, Vol. 25, Part 3 Characteristics 1831 Thomas Carlyle HTML at Bartleby
Autobiography by John Stuart Mill text at McMaster, HTML at Bartleby
Appearance and Reality: A Metaphysical Essay (second edition) by F. H. Bradley
First Principles by Herbert Spencer (HTML at McMaster; 1 MB)
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662): Penseés (Thoughts), 1660 HTML at Fordham,
Harvard Classics, Vol. 48, Part 1 Thoughts Blaise Pascal HTML at Bartleby
The System of Nature: or, Laws of the Moral and Physical World by Paul-Henri Holbach, trans. by H. D. Robinson
Man a Machine by Julien Offray de La Mettrie, trans. by Gertrude Carman Bussey
Theosphic Correspondence Between Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (The "Unknown Philosopher") and Kirchberger, Baron de Liebistorf by Louis Claude de Saint-Martin and Nicolas Antoine Kirchberger, trans. by Edward Burton Penny
Auguste Comte Freely Translated and Condensed by Harriet Martineau with an introduction by Frederic Harrison volume 1: PDF at McMaster, volume 2: PDF at McMaster, volume 3: PDF at McMaster
A New Philosophy: Henri Bergson by Edouard Le Roy, trans. by Vincent Benson
The Range of Reason by Jacques Maritain
The Philosophy of Law: An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right by Immanuel Kant
Kant's System of Perspectives by Stephen Palmquist
Philosophy of Right by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, trans. by S. W. Dyde
The Logic of Hegel (or, the "Shorter Logic") by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, trans. by William Wallace
Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic by John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart
Studies in Hegelian Cosmology by John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart
Hegel's Logic: An Essay in Interpretation by John Grier Hibben
The Origin and Significance of Hegel's Logic: A General Introduction to Hegel's System by J. B. Baillie
Letters Upon the Aesthetic Education of Man by Friedrich Schiller
THUS SPAKE ZARATHUSTRA by Friedrich Nietzsche translated by Thomas Common, 1891,l text at eserver.org, Gutenberg text
The Antichrist by Friedrich Nietzsche, trans. by H. L. Mencken, At Ebooks, Audio Recording, At Gutenberg
The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche by H. L. Mencken
Nietzsche by Paul Elmer More
Truth and Knowledge by Rudolf Steiner
Wittgenstein and Kierkegaard: Religion, Individuality and Philosophical Method by Charles L. Creegan
Gutenberg text; unofficial until 28 Feb 2003
On the Improvement of the Understanding Benedict Spinoza HTML at Santa Fe Institute, Gutenberg text
U.G. Krishnamurti: A Life by Mahesh Bhatt
The First Principles of Knowledge by John Rickaby
A New Logic (Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company, 1912) by Charles Arthur Mercier
Logic Primer by Colin Allen and Michael Hand
Elements of Logic by Henry Philip Tappan
The Tree of Philosophy (third edition) by Stephen Palmquist
The Problems of Philosophy by Bertrand Russell
Scientific Fact and Metaphysical Reality by Robert Brandon Arnold
The Revealing Word: A Dictionary of Metaphysical Terms by Charles Fillmore
Hypericum and Depression, by McWilliams, Peter.also by Harold H. Bloomfield and Mikael Nordfors
Essays in Life and Eternity by Swami Krishnananda (HTML at Divine Life Society)
The Philosophy of Life: A Critical Exposition of the Fundamental Principles in Eastern and Western Philosophy in the Light of the Doctrines of Swami Sivananda by Swami Krishnananda
By the Late John Brockman by John Brockman
Man Into Superman by Robert C. W. Ettinger
I Learn by Gora
On the Eternity of the World by Saint Thomas Aquinas, trans. by Robert T. Miller
On Causation, With a Chapter on Belief (London: Longman's Green and Co., 1916) by Charles Arthur Mercier
Suggestions for Further Reading
- The Origin and History of Celtic People
- THE EGYPTIAN STORY OF THE CREATI
- Nine Simple Steps How a Lady Gets Her Book Published
- Origin and Development of Sanskrit
- Historical Events, Birthdays And Quotations
- Your Ancestors For 50 Generations
- Grimm's Law - Indo-European Languages
- Historical Relationship Between Sanskrit and Hittite
- Common words of Indo-European languages
- Sanskrit - Links and Resources
- Hypnotism - Theory and Practice
- The World as a Matrix
- Symbolism of Meerkat Island in the Life of PI
- ExperienceFestival Illegal Copying From Other Websites
- Pollution and Evolution
- UFOs and Extra Terrestrial Intelligences
- Afghanistan A Dangerous Place
- Thoughts, Quotes and Quotations
- World Factbook of Countries, Almanacs, Biographies, News Stories
- Currency converter
- Online Dictionaries
- Directory Service
- Online Encyclopedias
- Hinduwebsite - FREE online EBooks and Texts
- The Great Literature E-Page
- Internet Resources on Philosophy and Philosophers
- Hinduwebsite.com - Poetry Links and Resources
- Hinduwebsite.com - Page Replace or Removed
- Spiritual and Devotional Poems and Prayers
- Good Thoughts
- Inspiring Thoughts and Quotations
- The Buddha on God
- Hinduwebsite.com - The General Encyclopedia
- Essays On Dharma
- Esoteric Mystic Hinduism
- Introduction to Hinduism
- Hindu Way of Life
- Essays On Karma
- Hindu Rites and Rituals
- The Origin of The Sanskrit Language
- Symbolism in Hinduism
- Essays on The Upanishads
- Concepts of Hinduism
- Essays on Atman
- Hindu Festivals
- Spiritual Practice
- Right Living
- Yoga of Sorrow
- Happiness
- Mental Health
- Concepts of Buddhism
- General Essays
1*. The introduction is adapted from Wikipedia under the under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Disclaimer: Links to Third-Party web sites are provided for member convenience only. Hinduwebsite.com does not endorse nor support the content of third party links. Any website you visit by a link from this site is solely the responsibility of the vendor, merchant, or other party providing the site. Links that may be accessed via this site are for the convenience of browsers only. We are not responsible for the content, privacy or security of the third-party web sites. The content of, including materials and information contained on, any site to which you link from this site is solely the responsibility of the provider of that web site. Hinduwebsite.com is not responsible for any such third party content that may be accessed via this site, nor the organizations publishing those sites, and hereby disclaims any responsibility for such content. Any transactions that you enter into with a vendor, merchant or other party listed in this site or linked from this site are solely between you and that vendor, merchant or other party.