Hymns of the Atharvaveda: Complete English Translation

Atharvaveda is the fourth of the Vedas. For a long time it was not considered a Veda. Only Rigveda, Yajurveda and Samaveda were recognized as the triple Vedas (triveda). Historians believe that the Atharveda was included among the Vedas after the Vedic civilization matured and incorporated many traditions and practices of other groups and cultures. It may also be partly due to the growing influence of Shavisim, Shaktism or Tantrism. The Veda contains many mystic chants, spells and prayers meant to either heal or harm or seek protection against harmful forces. This page presents the complete English translation of the Atharvaveda, the fourth Veda, traditionally associated with healing, protection, ritual power, and practical spirituality. It contains hundreds of hymns addressing illness, prosperity, kingship, purification, cosmic order, and divine forces such as Agni, Indra, Varuna, Soma, and the Maruts. The collection includes charms, prayers, benedictions, and theological reflections spanning all twenty books, offering insight into early Vedic life, ritual practice, and sacred symbolism. The text is reformatted for readability while preserving Griffith’s translation, with guidance to consult the original edition for scholarly accuracy.

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Atharvaveda Book -01

Hymn 1: A prayer to Vāchaspati for divine illumination and help. Hymn 2: A charm against dysentery Hymn 3: A charm against constipation and suppression of urine Hymn 4: To the waters, for the prosperity of cattle Hymn 5: To the waters, for strength and power Hymn 6: To the waters, for health and wealth Hymn 7: To Indra and Agni, for the detection and destruction of evil spirits Hymn 8: To Indra, Brihaspati, Soma and Agni, for the destruction of sorcerers Hymn 9: Benediction on a King at his inauguration Hymn 10: Absolution of a sinner after intercession with Varuna Hymn 11: A charm to be used at child-birth Hymn 12: A prayer to Lightning, against fever, headache, and cough Hymn 13: A prayer to Lightning, for happiness Hymn 14: A woman's incantation against a rival Hymn 15: A prayer for the prosperity of an institutor of sacrifice Hymn 16: A prayer and charm against demons Hymn 17: A charm to be used at venesection Hymn 18: A charm to avert evil spirits of misfortune and to secure prosperity Hymn 19: A prayer for protection from arrows and for the punishment of enemies Hymn 20: A prayer to Soma, the Maruts, Mitra, and Varuna, for protection Hymn 21: A prayer to Indra for protection Hymn 22: A charm against jaundice Hymn 23: A charm against leprosy Hymn 24: A charm against leprosy Hymn 25: A prayer to fever, as a charm against his attacks Hymn 26: A charm to obtain invisibility Hymn 27: A prayer for protection, guidance, and prosperity Hymn 28: A prayer to Agni for the destruction of evil spirits Hymn 29: A charm to secure the supremacy of a dethroned King Hymn 30: A benediction on a King at his consecration Hymn 31: A prayer for protection and general prosperity Hymn 32: In praise of Heaven and Earth Hymn 33: To the Waters, for health and happiness Hymn 34: A young man's love-charm Hymn 35: A charm to ensure long life and glory to the wearer of an amulet

Atharvaveda Book -02

Hymn 1: Glorification of the prime cause of all things Hymn 2: A charm to ensure success in gambling Hymn 3: A water-cure charm Hymn 4: A charm to ensure health and prosperity by wearing an amulet Hymn 5: Invitation to, and praise of Indra Hymn 6: A prayer to Agni for protection Hymn 7: A counter-charm against imprecation and malignity Hymn 8: A charm against hereditary disease (kshetriya) Hymn 9: A charm to cure dangerous disease Hymn 10: Absolution and benediction Hymn 11: Counter-charm, with an amulet, against an enemy's spell Hymn 12: A prayer for vengeance on a malicious rival worshipper Hymn 13: A youth's Investiture ceremony (godānam) Hymn 14: A charm to banish vermin and noxious creatures Hymn 15: A prayer for general protection Hymn 16: A charm against fear Hymn 17: A prayer to an amulet for health and strength Hymn 18: A charm against enemies, goblins, and other evil creatures Hymn 19: A prayer to Agni for aid against an enemy Hymn 24: A charm against the magic arts of fiends Hymn 25: A charm against fiends who cause abortion Hymn 26: A benediction on homeward coming cattle Hymn 27: A charm against an opponent in debate Hymn 28: A prayer for a boy's long and happy life Hymn 29: A benediction on a sick man Hymn 30: A man's love-charm Hymn 31: A charm against all sorts of worms Hymn 32: A charm against worms or bots in cows Hymn 33 Hymn 34: A prayer accompanying an animal sacrifice Hymn 35: Expiation for an imperfectly performed sacrifice Hymn 36: A charm to secure a husband for a marriageable girl

Atharvaveda Book -03

Hymn 1: A prayer or charm for the defeat and destruction of enemies in battle Hymn 2: A rifaccimento or recension of I Hymn 3: A charm for the restoration of an expelled king Hymn 4: A benediction at the election of a king Hymn 5: A King's address to an amulet which is to strengthen his authority Hymn 6: Address to an amulet which is to secure the defeat of the wearer's enemies Hymn 7: A charm with an amulet of buck horn to drive away hereditary disease Hymn 8: A charm to secure the submission, love, and fidelity of kinsmen Hymn 9: A charm against rheumatism (vishkondha) Hymn 10: A new year prayer Hymn 11: A charm for the recovery of a dangerously sick man Hymn 12: A benediction on a newly built house Hymn 13: A benediction on a newly cut water channel Hymn 14: A benediction on a cattle pen Hymn 15: A merchant's prayer for success in his business Hymn 16: A Rishi's morning prayer Hymn 17: A farmer's song and prayer to speed the plough Hymn 18: A jealous wife's incantation against a rival Hymn 19: A glorification of the office of a king's household priest Hymn 20: A prayer for riches and general prosperity Hymn 21: In honour of fire in all shapes, to appease Agni of the funeral pile and to quench the flames of cremation Hymn 22: The taming and training of an elephant for a king to ride on Hymn 23: A charm to remove a woman's sterility, and to assure the birth of boys Hymn 24: A song of harvest Hymn 25: A man's love-charm Hymn 26: A charm to win the favour of all serpents Hymn 27: A charm consigning an enemy to the serpents for punishment Hymn 28: A charm to change the ill-omened birth of twin calves into a blessing Hymn 29: On the means to obtain immunity from taxation in the next world Hymn 30: A prayer or charm to secure love and concord in a family Hymn 31: A charm for the recovery of one dangerously ill

Atharvaveda Book 4

Hymn 1: Cosmogonical and mystico-theological doctrineHymn 2: To the unknown God Hymn 3: A Charm against tigers, wolves, thieves and other noxious creatures Hymn 4: A charm to restore virile power Hymn 5: A lover's sleep-charm Hymn 6: A charm to make a poisoned arrow harmless Hymn 7: A charm to make a poisonous plant innocuous Hymn 8: A benediction at the consecration of a King Hymn 9: A charm addressed to a precious ointment for safety and wealth Hymn 10: A charm accompanying investiture with an amulet of shell Hymn 11: A glorification of the sacrificial gharma or milk caldron Hymn 12: A charm to mend a broken bone Hymn 13: A charm to restore a sick man to health Hymn 14: Accompanying the sacrifice of a he-goat Hymn 15: A charm to hasten the coming of the rains Hymn 16: On the omnipresence and omniscience of Varuna Hymn 17: A charm to secure freedom from various evils Hymn 18: A counter-charm against the incantations of enemies Hymn 19: A counter-charm and charm to secure general protection. Hymn 20: A charm for the acquisition of superhuman powers of sight Hymn 21: Glorification and benediction of cows Hymn 22: A benediction on a newly consecrated king Hymn 23: Magnification of Agni and prayer for his protection Hymn 24: A hymn of prayer and praise to Indra Hymn 25: A hymn of prayer and praise to Vāyu and Savitar Hymn 26: A hymn to Heaven and Earth Hymn 27: A hymn to the Maruts Hymn 28: A hymn to Bhava and Sarva Hymn 29: A hymn to Mitra-Varuna Hymn 30: A glorification of vāk or speech Hymn 31: A hymn to Manyu or Wrath Hymn 32: A hymn to Manyu Hymn 33: A prayer to Agni for protection and prosperity Hymn 34: Glorification of the Vishtāri sacrifice Hymn 35: Magnification of the Odana or oblation of milk and rice Hymn 36: A charm against fiends, human enemies, and other pests Hymn 37: A charm against Gandharvas and Apsarases Hymn 38: A charm for success in gambling Hymn 39: A prayer to various deities for health, wealth, and prosperity Hymn 40: A charm against rival worshippers

Atharvaveda Book -05

Hymn 1: A glorification of Trita and Varuna Hymn 2: A glorification of Indra Hymn 3: A prayer to Agni, Indra, and other deities for victory and prosperity Hymn 4: A charm against fever and other ailments Hymn 5: A charm to mend a broken bone Hymn 6: A prayer for protection and prosperity Hymn 7: A charm to deprecate Arāti or Malignity Hymn 8: A charm for the discomfiture and destruction of hostile priests Hymn 9: A prayer to Heaven and Earth for protection and assistance Hymn 10: A prayer to the presiding deities of the four quarters for protection Hymn 11: A dialogue between Atharvan and Varuna Hymn 12: An Apri or propitiatory hymn Hymn 13: A charm against snakes Hymn 14: A charm against witchcraft Hymn 15: A charm for general prosperity Hymn 16: A charm for the increase of cattle Hymn 17: The abduction and restoration of a Brāhman's wife Hymn 18: The wickedness of oppressing and robbing Brāhmans Hymn 19: The wickedness of robbing or insulting Brāhmans Hymn 20: A hymn to the War-drum to secure victory Hymn 21: A hymn to the War-drum and various deities for victory Hymn 22: A charm against fever Hymn 23: A charm against parasitic worms Hymn 24: A priest's prayer for protection and assistance Hymn 25: A charm to facilitate conception Hymn 26: A hymn of invitation to the gods Hymn 27: An Apri or Propitiatory hymn Hymn 28: A charm to ensure general protection and prosperity Hymn 29: A charm for the destruction of malignant goblins Hymn 30: A charm to restore life and health Hymn 31: A counter-charm against the incantations of an enemy

Atharvaveda Book -06

Hymn 1: In praise of Savitar Hymn 2: In praise of Indra Hymn 3: A prayer to various deities for protection and prosperity Hymn 4: A hymn to various deities for protection Hymn 5: A prayer to Agni and Indra for the well being of a princely patron Hymn 6: A prayer to Brāhmanaspati for protection from wicked men Hymn 7: A prayer to Soma and other gods for help and protection Hymn 8: A man's love-charm Hymn 9: A man's love-charm Hymn 10: A thanksgiving for life, hearing, and sight Hymn 11: An epithalamian charm to ensure the birth of a boy Hymn 12: A charm against venomous serpents Hymn 13: Homage to death Hymn 14: A charm against consumption Hymn 15: A charm for power and preeminence Hymn 16: A medical charm Hymn 17: A charm to ensure conception Hymn 18: A charm to banish jealousy Hymn 19: A prayer for purification Hymn 20: A charm against fever Hymn 21: A charm to strengthen hair and promote its growth Hymn 22: To the Maruts or Storm-Gods Hymn 23: To the Waters Hymn 24: To the Rivers Hymn 25: A charm to remove pustules or scrofulous swellings (apachitas) Hymn 26: To Affliction Hymn 27: A charm to avert misfortune foreshown by the coming of a dove Hymn 28: A charm to avert misfortune foreshown by the coming of a dove Hymn 29: A charm to avert misfortune foreshown by the coming of a dove and an owl Hymn 30: A charm to promote the growth of hair Hymn 31: To Sūrya the Sun-God Hymn 32: A charm against fiends and goblins Hymn 33: A prayer to Indra for riches Hymn 34: To Agni for protection from enemies Hymn 35: To Agni Vaisvānara Hymn 36: In praise of Agni Vaisvānara Hymn 37: A charm to divert Imprecation personified Hymn 38: A prayer for surpassing strength and energy Hymn 39: A priest's prayer for power and glory Hymn 40: A prayer for peace and security Hymn 41: A prayer for protection, long life, and various blessings Hymn 42: A charm to reconcile estranged friends Hymn 43: The same Hymn 44: A charm to remove disease Hymn 45: A prayer for preservation from mental sin and evil promptings Hymn 46: A charm against evil dreams Hymn 47: To accompany the three daily libations Hymn 48: Formulas to be used at the three daily libations Hymn 49: In praise of Agni Hymn 50: A charm for the destruction of vermin Hymn 51: A prayer for purification and forgiveness of sins Hymn 52: A charm against noxious reptiles and insects Hymn 53: A prayer for recovery and preservation of health and security Hymn 54: A benediction on a newly elected King Hymn 55: A prayer for general protection and prosperity Hymn 56: A charm against snakes Hymn 57: A charm for a wound or bruise Hymn 58: A priest's prayer for power and glory Hymn 59: A charm to protect cattle and men Hymn 60: The wooing of a bride Hymn 61: A prayer for prosperity and greatness Hymn 62: A prayer for purification and riches Hymn 63: The symbolical liberation of a sacrificial victim Hymn 64: To promote unanimity in an assembly Hymn 65: A sacrificial charm against enemies Hymn 66: A charm for the destruction and plunder of enemies Hymn 67: A charm for the destruction and plunder of enemies Hymn 68: A charm to accompany the shaving of the beard Hymn 69: A priest's prayer for power and glory Hymn 70: A benediction on cow and calf Hymn 71: A priest's benediction after meat Hymn 72: A charm to restore or increase virile power Hymn 73: A King's charm to conciliate his discontented kinsmen Hymn 74: A King's charm to secure the fidelity of his people Hymn 75: A charm to effect the removal of an enemy Hymn 76: A benediction on a new-born Kshatriya child Hymn 77: A charm to bring the cattle home Hymn 78: A nuptial benediction Hymn 79: A prayer for seasonable rain and prosperity Hymn 80: A prayer for help and protection Hymn 81: A charm to facilitate child-birth Hymn 82: A charm to win a bride Hymn 83: A charm against sores and pustules (apachitas) Hymn 84: A charm to accompany the symbolical loosing of sacrificial victims Hymn 85: A charm against Consumption Hymn 86: A glorification of a newly consecrated King Hymn 87: A benediction addressed to a newly elected King Hymn 88: A benediction addressed to a newly elected King Hymn 89: A man's love charm Hymn 90: A charm to cure a poisoned man Hymn 91: A charm against disease Hymn 92: A charm to strengthen and inspirit a war-horse Hymn 93: A prayer for protection from poison Hymn 94: A charm to reconcile a King's discontented people Hymn 95: A charm to remove disease Hymn 96: A prayer for deliverance from sin and sorrow Hymn 97: A prayer for the success and prosperity of a King Hymn 98: Praise of Indra Hymn 99: A prayer for protection in battle Hymn 100: A charm against poison Hymn 101: A charm to promote virile vigour Hymn 102: A man's love charm Hymn 103: A charm to check the approach of a hostile army Hymn 104: The same Hymn 105: A charm to cure cough Hymn 106: A charm to protect a house from fire Hymn 107: A charm to protect men and cattle Hymn 108: A prayer for wisdom Hymn 109: A charm to heal punctured wounds Hymn 110: A benediction on a new-born child Hymn 111: A charm for insanity Hymn 112: A health-charm for man, woman, and son Hymn 113: A charm to banish the fiend Grāhi Hymn 114: A prayer for pardon of faults and errors in sacrificing Hymn 115: A prayer for forgiveness of sins Hymn 116: A prayer for pardon of sin against mother, father, son, or brother Hymn 117: A prayer for freedom from debt Hymn 118: A prayer for pardon of cheating at play Hymn 119: A prayer for release from debts incurred without intention of payment Hymn 120: A prayer for pardon of sins and felicity hereafter Hymn 121: A prayer for happiness in heaven Hymn 122: A prayer for happiness in heaven Hymn 123: A prayer for happiness in heaven Hymn 124: An Omen from the sky Hymn 125: Glorification of a war-chariot Hymn 126: Glorification of the war drum Hymn 127: A charm to banish various diseases Hymn 128: A charm for fair weather Hymn 129: A charm for success and happiness Hymn 130: A woman's love-charm Hymn 131: A woman's love-charm Hymn 132: The same Hymn 133: A glorification of the sacred girdle Hymn 134: A priest's prayer for power to punish wrong-doers Hymn 135: A priest's fulmination against an enemy Hymn 136: A charm to promote the growth of hair Hymn 137: A charm to promote the growth of hair Hymn 138: A woman's imprecation on her unfaithful lover Hymn 139: A woman's love-charm Hymn 140: A blessing on a child's first two teeth Hymn 141: A blessing on cattle Hymn 142: A blessing on cattle

Atharvaveda Book -07

Atharvaveda Book -08

Hymn 1: A charm to recover a dying man Hymn 2: The same Hymn 3: A prayer for the destruction of demons Hymn 4: Imprecations on demons Hymn 5: A charm accompanying investiture with an amulet Hymn 6: A charm to exercise evil spirits who beset women Hymn 7: A charm to restore a sick man to health Hymn 8: Imprecations directed against a hostile army Hymn 9: An enunciation of cosmogonical, ritual, and metrical doctrine Hymn 10: A glorification of the mystical abstraction Virāj

Atharvaveda Book -09

Hymn 1: A glorification of the Asvins' whip and a prayer for blessings Hymn 2: A glorification of Kāma as God of desire of all that is good Hymn 3: On the consecration of a newly built house Hymn 4: A glorification of the typical sacrificial bull Hymn 5: A glorification of a sacrificial goat Hymn 6: A glorification of hospitable reception of guests Hymn 7: A glorification of the typically bull and cow Hymn 8: A charm for the cure of various diseases connected with Consumption Hymn 9: Enunciation of mystico-theological and cosmological doctrine Hymn 10: Continuation of Hymn 9

Atharvaveda Book - 10

Hymn 1: A charm against witchcraft Hymn 2: Purusha, Primeval Man or humanity personified Hymn 3: A charm to secure long life, health, prosperity and fame Hymn 4: A charm to destroy venomous serpents Hymn 4: A charm to overthrow a rival and gain strength, dignity, long life, children, and general prosperity Hymn 6: The glorification of an all-powerful amulet Hymn 7: Skambha, the Pillar or Fulcrum of all existence Hymn 8: Speculations on the Supreme Being and Cosmogonical and theological subjects Hymn 9: The Sataudanā or Hundredfold Oblation Hymn 10: A glorification of the sacred Cow as representing the radiant heavens

Atharvaveda Book -11

Hymn 1: An accompaniment to the preparation and presentation of a Brahmaudana Hymn 2: Prayer and praise to Bhava, Sarva and Rudra Hymn 3: A glorification of the Odana or oblation of boiled rice Hymn 4: A glorification of Prāna, Breath or Vital Spirit Hymn 5: A glorification of the Brahmachgri or religious student Hymn 6: A prayer to all Divinities and Sanctities for deliverance from distress Hymn 7: A glorification of the Uchchhishta or Residue of Sacrifice Hymn 8: On the origin of some Gods and the creation of man Hymn 9: An incantation for the destruction of a hostile army Hymn 10: An incantation for the destruction of a hostile army

Atharvaveda Book-12

Hymn 1: A hymn of prayer and praise to Prithivī or deified Earth Hymn 2: A funeral hymn, and deprecation of Agni the Consumer of corpses Hymn 3: An accompaniment to the preparation and presentation of sacrificial offerings by a householder and his wife, with prayer for prosperity and happiness on earth and in heaven Hymn 4: On the duty of giving cows to Brāhmans, and the sin and danger of withholding the gift Hymn 5: On the duty of giving cows to Brāhmans, and the sin and danger of withholding the gift

Atharvaveda Book -13

Hymn 1: The glorification of Rohita, a form of Fire and of the Sun Hymn 2: The glorification of the Sun as Āditya, Sūrya and Rohita Hymn 3: A glorification of Rohita. with a malediction on the man who wrongs a Brāhman Hymn 4: A glorification of the Sun as the only Deity

Atharvaveda Book-14

Hymn 1: On the Bridal of Sūryā, marriage ceremonies in general Hymn 2: On the Bridal of Sūryā, marriage ceremonies in general, continued

Atharvaveda Book -15

Hymn 1: The hyperbolical glorification of the Vrātya or Aryan Non-conformist Hymn 2: The same, continued Hymn 3 Hymn 4 Hymn 5 Hymn 6 Hymn 7 Hymn 8 Hymn 9 Hymn 10 Hymn 11 Hymn 12 Hymn 13 Hymn 14 Hymn 15 Hymn 16 Hymn 17 Hymn 18

Atharvaveda Book-16

Hymn 1: On the preparation and use of holy water, with, a prayer for purification and freedom from sin Hymn 2: A charm to secure various blessings Hymn 3: A charm to secure power and long life Hymn 4: A charm to secure long life and success Hymn 5: A charm against evil dreams Hymn 6: A charm to avert evil dreams, and to transfer them to an enemy Hymn 7: An imprecation on an enemy Hymn 8: An imprecation on an enemy Hymn 9: A charm to secure wealth and felicity

Atharvaveda Book -17

Hymn 1: A prayer to Indra, Identified with Vishnu and the Sun, for the love of Gods, men, and beasts, general protection and prosperity, and all earthly and heavenly blessings

Atharvaveda Book-18

Hymn 1: An accompaniment to funeral ceremonies and sacrificial offerings to ancestral spirits Hymn 2: A funeral hymn, taken mainly from the Rigveda Hymn 3: A funeral hymn, taken partly from the Rigveda Hymn 4: A funeral hymn, composed partly of verses from the Rigveda

Atharvaveda Book -19

Atharvaveda Book-20

Hymn 1 Hymn 2 Hymn 3 Hymn 4 Hymn 5 Hymn 6 Hymn 7 Hymn 8 Hymn 9 Hymn 10 Hymn 11 Hymn 12 Hymn 13 Hymn 14 Hymn 15 Hymn 16 Hymn 17 Hymn 18 Hymn 19 Hymn 20 Hymn 21 Hymn 22 Hymn 23 Hymn 24 Hymn 25 Hymn 26 Hymn 27 Hymn 28 Hymn 29 Hymn 30 Hymn 31 Hymn 32 Hymn 33 Hymn 34 Hymn 35 Hymn 36 Hymn 37 Hymn 38 Hymn 39 Hymn 40 Hymn 41 Hymn 42 Hymn 43 Hymn 44 Hymn 45 Hymn 46 Hymn 47 Hymn 48 Hymn 49 Hymn 50 Hymn 51 Hymn 52 Hymn 53 Hymn 54 Hymn 55 Hymn 56 Hymn 57 Hymn 58 Hymn 59 Hymn 60 Hymn 61 Hymn 62 Hymn 63 Hymn 64 Hymn 65 Hymn 66 Hymn 67 Hymn 68 Hymn 69 Hymn 70 Hymn 71 Hymn 72 Hymn 73 Hymn 74 Hymn 75 Hymn 76 Hymn 77 Hymn 78 Hymn 79 Hymn 80 Hymn 81 Hymn 82 Hymn 83 Hymn 84 Hymn 85 Hymn 86 Hymn 87 Hymn 88 Hymn 89 Hymn 90 Hymn 91 Hymn 92 Hymn 93 Hymn 94 Hymn 95 Hymn 96 Hymn 97 Hymn 98 Hymn 99 Hymn 100 Hymn 101 Hymn 102 Hymn 103 Hymn 104 Hymn 105 Hymn 106 Hymn 107 Hymn 108 Hymn 109 Hymn 110 Hymn 111 Hymn 112 Hymn 113 Hymn 114 Hymn 115 Hymn 116 Hymn 117 Hymn 118 Hymn 119 Hymn 120 Hymn 121 Hymn 122 Hymn 123 Hymn 124 Hymn 125 Hymn 126 Hymn 127: A hymn in praise of the good Government of King Kaurama Hymn 128: Sacrificial formulas Hymn 129 Hymn 130 Hymn 131 Hymn 132 Hymn 133: The Enigmatical Verses Hymn 134: The Ajijnasenya Verses Hymn 135: Verses called Frustration, Abuse, the Gods' Offering, and Dazzling Power Hymn 136: Erotica Hymn 137: A composite hymn in praise of Indra Hymn 138: In praise of Indra Hymn 139: A hymn to the Asvins Hymn 140: Continuation of the preceding hymn to the Asvins Hymn 141: Hymn to the Asvins Hymn 142: Hymn to Dawn and the Asvins Hymn 143: Hymn to the Asvins

Source: The Hymns of the Atharvaveda. translation by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1895-6]. The text has been reformatted by Jayaram V for Hinduwebsite.com. As far as the presentation of the material is concerned, this online version does not follow the original book. While all possible care has been taken to reproduce the text accurately, we cannot guarantee the accuracy or the authenticity of the text produced. We strongly recommend to use this text for general reading and understanding and refer the original edition for serious studies and academic projects .